ABSTRACT
Background: The scope of this study is to evaluate information, behavior and attitude of antibiotics use of students in Golhisar Health Services Vocational School, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University.Methods: A questionnaire of 19 questions is applied to 701 students. In order to determine students’ attitude at antibiotics use; to evaluate attitude, subjective norm and intention, Likert scale consisting of multiple-choice questions were used.Results: Unattached sample test t showed that there is a significant difference in male and female students in subjective norm effecting antibiotic use and mean points of male students are higher than those of female students. It is found that antibiotic use due to attitude in 20 years and younger students than is significantly higher than 21 years old or older students. No significant difference determined among attitude, subjective norm and intention which effect use of antibiotics in terms of alcohol use, chronic disease and health insurance possession. As the programs that students are attending are evaluated, difference is observed only in attitude factor in this study. It is determined that attitude to antibiotic use of students of first and emergency aid program is lower than pharmacy services and child development programs.Conclusions: This study has shown that students are conscious about antibiotics use and their level of antibiotics use is low. Based on the results of the study, having individuals in the society educated about antibiotics use will substantially contribute to conscious use of antibiotics.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism with an olfactory deficit is defined as Kallmann syndrome and is distinct from normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Objective: Because olfactory perception not only consists of orthonasally gained impressions but also involves retronasal olfactory function, in this study we decided to comprehensively evaluate both retronasal and orthonasal olfaction in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Methods: This case-control study included 31 controls and 45 idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism patients. All participants whose olfactory and taste functions were evaluated with orthonasal olfaction (discrimination, identification and threshold), retronasal olfaction, taste function and olfactory bulb volume measurement. The patients were separated into three groups according to orthonasal olfaction: anosmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, hyposmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Results: Discrimination, identification and threshold scores of patients with Kallmann syndrome were significantly lower than controls. Threshold scores of patients with normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. were significantly lower than those of controls, but discrimination and identification scores were not significantly different. Retronasal olfaction was reduced only in the anosmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism group compared to controls. Identification of bitter, sweet, sour, and salty tastes was not significantly different when compared between the anosmic, hyposmic, and normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism groups and controls. Olfactory bulb volume was lower bilaterally in all patient groups when compared with controls. The olfactory bulb volume of both sides was found to be significantly correlated with threshold, discrimination and identification scores in idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism patients. Conclusion: 1) There were no significant differences in gustatory function between controls and idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism patients; 2) retronasal olfaction was reduced only in anosmic patients but not in orthonasally hyposmic participants, possibly indicating presence of effective compensatory mechanisms; 3) olfactory bulb volumes were highly correlated with olfaction scores in the hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism group. The current results indicate a continuum from anosmia to normosmia in idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism patients.
Resumo Introdução: O hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático com déficit olfatório é definido como síndrome de Kallmann e é distinto de hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático normósmico. Objetivo: Pelo fato de a percepção olfativa não apenas consistir em impressões obtidas ortonasalmente, mas também envolver a função olfativa retronasal, neste estudo decidimos avaliar de maneira abrangente o olfato retronasal e ortonasal em pacientes com hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático. Método: Este estudo caso-controle incluiu 31 controles e 45 pacientes com hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático. Todos os participantes tiveram as funções olfativas e de paladar avaliadas com olfação ortonasal (discriminação, identificação e limiar), olfação retronasal, função do paladar e medida do volume do bulbo olfatório. Os pacientes foram separados em três grupos de acordo com a olfação ortonasal: hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático anósmico, hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático hipósmico e hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático normósmico. Resultados: Os escores de discriminação, identificação e limiar de pacientes com síndrome de Kallmann foram significativamente menores do que os controles. Os escores dos limiares de pacientes com hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático normósmico foram significativamente menores do que os dos controles, mas os escores de discriminação e identificação não foram significativamente diferentes. A olfação retronasal foi reduzida apenas no grupo hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático anósmico em comparação com os controles. A identificação de gostos amargos, doces, azedos e salgados não foi significativamente diferente quando comparada entre os grupos e controles de hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático anósmicos, hipósmicos e normósmicos. O volume do bulbo olfatório foi menor bilateralmente em todos os grupos de pacientes quando comparado com os controles. O volume do bulbo olfatório de ambos os lados foi significativamente correlacionado com os escores de limiar, discriminação, identificação em pacientes com hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático. Conclusão: 1) Não houve diferenças significativas na função gustativa entre controles e pacientes com hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático; 2) A olfação retronasal foi reduzida apenas em pacientes anosmáticos, mas não em participantes ortonasalmente hipósmicos, possivelmente indicou presença de mecanismos compensatórios efetivos; 3) Os volumes do bulbo olfatório foram altamente correlacionados com os escores de olfação no grupo hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico. Os resultados atuais indicam um contínuo da anosmia à normosmia em pacientes com hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico idiopático.